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Editor's note: The following "Manifesto" is from the Open Sciences website. You'll want to view the site for yourself as it contains many important articles.
We believe that the sciences are being constricted by dogmatism, and in particular by a subservience to the philosophy of materialism, the doctrine that matter is the only reality and that the mind is nothing but the physical activity of the brain. We believe that the sciences would be more scientific if they were free to investigate the natural world in a truly open way – without the constraints of materialism and the prejudice of dogma – while adhering to the scientific methods of data collecting, hypothesis testing and critical discussion. Scientists, professors, MDs and thought leaders: if you wish to show your support, we invite you to become a signatory and have your name added to the growing list below. 1 The modern scientific worldview is predominantly predicated on assumptions that are closely associated with classical physics. Materialism—the idea that matter is the only reality—is one of these assumptions. A related assumption is reductionism, the notion that complex things can be understood by reducing them to the interactions of their parts, or to simpler or more fundamental things such as tiny material particles. 2 During the 19th century, these assumptions narrowed, turned into dogmas, and coalesced into an ideological belief system that came to be known as "scientific materialism." This belief system implies that the mind is nothing but the physical activity of the brain, and that our thoughts cannot have any effect upon our brains and bodies, our actions, and the physical world. 3 The ideology of scientific materialism became dominant in academia during the 20th century. So dominant that a majority of scientists started to believe that it was based on established empirical evidence, and represented the only rational view of the world. 4 Scientific methods based upon materialistic philosophy have been highly successful in not only increasing our understanding of nature but also in bringing greater control and freedom through advances in technology. 5 However, the nearly absolute dominance of materialism in the academic world has seriously constricted the sciences and hampered the development of the scientific study of mind and spirituality. Faith in this ideology, as an exclusive explanatory framework for reality, has compelled scientists to neglect the subjective dimension of human experience. This has led to a severely distorted and impoverished understanding of ourselves and our place in nature. 6 Science is first and foremost a non-dogmatic, open-minded method of acquiring knowledge about nature through the observation, experimental investigation, and theoretical explanation of phenomena. Its methodology is not synonymous with materialism and should not be committed to any particular beliefs, dogmas, or ideologies. 7 At the end of the nineteenth century, physicists discovered empirical phenomena that could not be explained by classical physics. This led to the development, during the 1920s and early 1930s, of a revolutionary new branch of physics called quantum mechanics (QM). QM has questioned the material foundations of the world by showing that atoms and subatomic particles are not really solid objects—they do not exist with certainty at definite spatial locations and definite times. Most importantly, QM explicitly introduced the mind into its basic conceptual structure since it was found that particles being observed and the observer—the physicist and the method used for observation—are linked. According to one interpretation of QM, this phenomenon implies that the consciousness of the observer is vital to the existence of the physical events being observed, and that mental events can affect the physical world. The results of recent experiments support this interpretation. These results suggest that the physical world is no longer the primary or sole component of reality, and that it cannot be fully understood without making reference to the mind. 8 Psychological studies have shown that conscious mental activity can causally influence behavior, and that the explanatory and predictive value of agentic factors (e.g. beliefs, goals, desires and expectations) is very high. Moreover, research in psychoneuroimmunology indicates that our thoughts and emotions can markedly affect the activity of the physiological systems (e.g., immune, endocrine, cardiovascular) connected to the brain. In other respects, neuroimaging studies of emotional self-regulation, psychotherapy, and the placebo effect demonstrate that mental events significantly influence the activity of the brain. 9 Studies of the so-called "psi phenomena" indicate that we can sometimes receive meaningful information without the use of ordinary senses, and in ways that transcend the habitual space and time constraints. Furthermore, psi research demonstrates that we can mentally influence—at a distance—physical devices and living organisms (including other human beings). Psi research also shows that distant minds may behave in ways that are nonlocally correlated, i.e. the correlations between distant minds are hypothesized to be unmediated (they are not linked to any known energetic signal), unmitigated (they do not degrade with increasing distance), and immediate (they appear to be simultaneous). These events are so common that they cannot be viewed as anomalous nor as exceptions to natural laws, but as indications of the need for a broader explanatory framework that cannot be predicated exclusively on materialism. 10 Conscious mental activity can be experienced in clinical death during a cardiac arrest (this is what has been called a "near-death experience" [NDE]). Some near-death experiencers (NDErs) have reported veridical out-of-body perceptions (i.e. perceptions that can be proven to coincide with reality) that occurred during cardiac arrest. NDErs also report profound spiritual experiences during NDEs triggered by cardiac arrest. It is noteworthy that the electrical activity of the brain ceases within a few seconds following a cardiac arrest. 11 Controlled laboratory experiments have documented that skilled research mediums (people who claim that they can communicate with the minds of people who have physically died) can sometimes obtain highly accurate information about deceased individuals. This further supports the conclusion that mind can exist separate from the brain. 12 Some materialistically inclined scientists and philosophers refuse to acknowledge these phenomena because they are not consistent with their exclusive conception of the world. Rejection of post-materialist investigation of nature or refusal to publish strong science findings supporting a post-materialist framework are antithetical to the true spirit of scientific inquiry, which is that empirical data must always be adequately dealt with. Data which do not fit favored theories and beliefs cannot be dismissed a priori. Such dismissal is the realm of ideology, not science. 13 It is important to realize that psi phenomena, NDEs in cardiac arrest, and replicable evidence from credible research mediums, appear anomalous only when seen through the lens of materialism. 14 Moreover, materialist theories fail to elucidate how brain could generate the mind, and they are unable to account for the empirical evidence alluded to in this manifesto. This failure tells us that it is now time to free ourselves from the shackles and blinders of the old materialist ideology, to enlarge our concept of the natural world, and to embrace a post-materialist paradigm. 15 According to the post-materialist paradigm: a) Mind represents an aspect of reality as primordial as the physical world. Mind is fundamental in the universe, i.e. it cannot be derived from matter and reduced to anything more basic. b) There is a deep interconnectedness between mind and the physical world. c) Mind (will/intention) can influence the state of the physical world, and operate in a nonlocal (or extended) fashion, i.e. it is not confined to specific points in space, such as brains and bodies, nor to specific points in time, such as the present. Since the mind may nonlocally influence the physical world, the intentions, emotions, and desires of an experimenter may not be completely isolated from experimental outcomes, even in controlled and blinded experimental designs. d) Minds are apparently unbounded, and may unite in ways suggesting a unitary, One Mind that includes all individual, single minds. e) NDEs in cardiac arrest suggest that the brain acts as a transceiver of mental activity, i.e. the mind can work through the brain, but is not produced by it. NDEs occurring in cardiac arrest, coupled with evidence from research mediums, further suggest the survival of consciousness, following bodily death, and the existence of other levels of reality that are non-physical. f) Scientists should not be afraid to investigate spirituality and spiritual experiences since they represent a central aspect of human existence. 16 Post-materialist science does not reject the empirical observations and great value of scientific achievements realized up until now. It seeks to expand the human capacity to better understand the wonders of nature, and in the process rediscover the importance of mind and spirit as being part of the core fabric of the universe. Post-materialism is inclusive of matter, which is seen as a basic constituent of the universe. 17 The post-materialist paradigm has far-reaching implications. It fundamentally alters the vision we have of ourselves, giving us back our dignity and power, as humans and as scientists. This paradigm fosters positive values such as compassion, respect, and peace. By emphasizing a deep connection between ourselves and nature at large, the post-materialist paradigm also promotes environmental awareness and the preservation of our biosphere. In addition, it is not new, but only forgotten for four hundred years, that a lived transmaterial understanding may be the cornerstone of health and wellness, as it has been held and preserved in ancient mind-body-spirit practices, religious traditions, and contemplative approaches. 18 The shift from materialist science to post-materialist science may be of vital importance to the evolution of the human civilization. It may be even more pivotal than the transition from geocentrism to heliocentrism. * The Manifesto for a Post-Materialist Science was prepared by Mario Beauregard, PhD (University of Arizona), Gary E. Schwartz, PhD (University of Arizona), and Lisa Miller, PhD (Columbia University), in collaboration with Larry Dossey, MD, Alexander Moreira-Almeida, MD, PhD; Marilyn Schlitz, PhD; Rupert Sheldrake, PhD; and Charles Tart, PhD. ** For further information, please contact Dr Mario Beauregard, Laboratory for Advances in Consciousness and Health, Department of Psychology, University of Arizona, Tucson; USA. Email: [email protected] *** We considered two ways of referring to the emerging paradigm presented in this Manifesto: the hyphenated version (post-materialism) and the non-hyphenated version (postmaterialism). The hyphenated form was selected for the sake of clarity for both scientists and lay people. **** The Summary Report of the International Summit on Post-Materialist Science, Spirituality and Society can be downloaded here: International Summit on Post-Materialist Science: Summary Report (PDF). Related initiatives:The Galileo CommissionDeclaration for Integrative, Evidence-Based, End-of-Life Care that Incorporates Nonlocal Consciousness100 Notable Scientists Call for Open Study of ConsciousnessManifesto AuthorsThis manifesto was born out of the Summit on Post-materialist Science held at Canyon Ranch in Tucson, Arizona, February 2014, convened by Gary Schwartz, Mario Beauregard and Lisa Miller. The eight participants in the summit are the founders of the Campaign for Open Science. Mario Beauregard, PhD; Neuroscience of Consciousness Larry Dossey, MD; Internal Medicine Lisa Jane Miller, PhD; Clinical Psychology Alexander Moreira-Almeida, MD; PhD; Psychiatry Marilyn Schlitz, PhD; Social Anthropology Gary Schwartz, PhD; Psychology, Neurology, Psychiatry & Surgery Rupert Sheldrake, PhD; Biochemistry, Developmental Biology, Consciousness Studies Charles T Tart, PhD; Transpersonal Psychology Signatories: 530+ Scientists, Professors, MDs & Thought LeadersPauliina Aarva, PhD; Health Sciences Robert Almeder, PhD; Philosophy of Science and Epistemology Víctor Alvarez, PhD; Technology Enhanced Learning Vanessa C. Z. Anseloni, PhD; Neuroscience, Psychology and Spirituality Frederique Apffel-Marglin, PhD; Cultural Anthropology Melikyan Arsen, PhD; Philosophy Julia Assante, PhD; Ancient Near East, Parapsychology Sandro R. Barros, PhD; Language and Education Nicola Bates, MA, Physics, Cyber Security, PhD Researcher, United Kingdom Jose Becerra, MD; MPH, Medical epidemiology Stefan P Becker, Dr. theol.; Systematic Theology, Epistemology William Bengston, PhD; Sociology, Energy Healing Daniel J Benor, MD; Wholistic Psychotherapy Christine Berger, PhD; LCPC Counselor Education, Mental Health Counseling and Pastoral Counseling John Biggerstaff, PhD; Coagulation, Immunology, Cancer Biology, Vascular Biology Marco Bischof, PhD; Biophoton Reserach, Biophysics, History of Science and Medicine, Cultural Studies Ernesto Bonilla, MD;PhD; Neurosciences, Neurotoxicology Stuart B Bonnington, EdD Robert Neil Boyd, PhD; Information Physics, SubQuantum Physics, Consciousness Physics Jose Braga, PhD; Biological Anthropology, Paleoanthropology, Evolutionary Biology Cricket Braun, PsyD; Clinical Psychologist; Former Staff Psychologist, University of Vermont; USA Gregory P Brown, MD; Psychiatry Ivor Browne, MD; Psychiatry Ralph Buchner, Dipl Ing, Design, Creativity James Carpenter, PhD; Clinical Psychology, Parapsychology Guido Dalla Casa, PhD; Electrical Engineering, Deep Ecology Florian Chapotot, PhD; Neuroscience Jean-Jacques Charbonier, MD; Anesthesiology, Near-death Experience Julio Maria Fonseca Chebli, MD; PhD; Gastroenterology Deepak Chopra, MD; Endocrinology, Mind-body Medicine John Christopher, PhD; Professor of Psychiatry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH; USA Michael Clarage, PhD; Astrophysics, Plasma Mick Collins, PhD; Occupational Therapy, Coaching Allan Leslie Combs, PhD; Consciousness, Neuralpsychology, Systems Sciences Peter Cooper, DSc, Vaccine Science Patrick Corsi, PhD; Innovation Methodologies Eraldo Costa-Neto, PhD; Ethnobiology, Spiritual Ecology Antonei Benjamin Csoka, PhD; Cell Biology, Gerontology, Biotechnology Marek Cuhra, PhD; Marine ecology, Ecotoxicology Bo Dahlin, PhD; Education, Philosophy Michael Dickman, PhD; Chemistry Luc Delannoy, PhD; Philisophy Arnaud Delorme, PhD; Computational Neurosciences Fabienne Delporte, PhD; Agronomic Sciences, Biological Engineering Pierre Demers, PhD; Education Sylvie Dethiollaz, PhD; Altered States of Consciousness Studies Manuel Domingos, PhD; Neuropsychology Michael W. Driesch, Dr rer. pol., Economics, Parapsychology Jana Dudová, MD; Anatomy Anne Ealet, PhD; Cosmology Caroline Eick, PhD; Education Policy Howard Eisenberg, MD; Psychology, Parapsychology Ronald Engert, MA, Philosophy Deborah Erickson, PhD; Psychology, Consciousness Enrico Facco, MD; Anesthesiology, Neurology Joaquim Fernandes, PhD; History Laurence Foss, PhD; Philosophy, Psychothermodynamics, Information Theory Elizabeth S Freire, PhD; Psychology, Research Fellow, Federal University of Juiz de Fora; Brazil Andreas K Freund, PhD; Neutron and X-ray Studies of Condensed Matter Harris L. Friedman, PhD; Psychology, History of science Monica Gagliano, PhD; Behavioural Ecology, Research Associate Professor; USA Christopher B Germann, PhD; Psychology, Neuroscience André Gessalin, MBA, Energy Environment Helen Gibbons, MS; Psychology, Neuroscience, Autogenic Therapy Antonio Giuditta, MD; Physiology, Neurobiology David H Goldberg, PhD; Experimental and Physiological Psychology Bernardo Jose A Gomez, PhD; Physics of plasmas Neal Grossman, PhD; History and Philosopher of Science, Consciousness Leandro Lage dos Santos Guedes, PhD; Astronomy, Philosophy of Science Hannaellen Guttorm, PhD; Indigenous studies, Continental philosophy, Pedagogy Andrea Becky Hanson, Psychology, Cultural Anthropology Erlendur Haraldsson PhD; Psychology Paul Harrison, PhD; FRCpath, Haematology, Immunology, Biochemistry Emily R Hawken, PhD; Biomedical and Molecular Sciences Matthew Paul Helm, PhD; Higher Education Roland Hinnion, Mathematics, Logic Uwe Hobohm, PhD; Bioinformatics, Immunology Dr Andrew Holster, PhD; Philosophy of Science Astrid de Hontheim, PhD; Anthropology Sara Towe Horsfall, PhD; Sociology Milan Hosta, PhD; Philosophy, Kinesiology Arnoldo De Hoyos, PhD; Sustainable Development Robert Hristovski, PhD; Behavioral Science, Kinesiology Alan Hugenot, Engr ScD, Mechanical & Marine Engineering, NDE Research, Consciousness Frank Hummer, PhD; Mathematics Scott Christopher Hurley, PhD; Religion, Spirituality, Human-Nonhuman Animal Studies George A Jacinto, PhD; Social Work, Spirituality Christopher K Johannes, PhD; Transpersonal Psychology Shelli Joye, BSEE, MA, PhDc, Electromagnetic Frequency Field Theory of Consciousness Brian Josephson, PhD; Physics Ingeborg Kader, PhD; Archeology Hari Chandra Kamali, PhD; Higher Education Bernardo Kastrup, PhD; Computer Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Philosophy Eugene Kerckhoffs, PhD; Computer Simulation, Artificial Intelligence Paul Kieniewicz, MSc, MA, Astronomy, Geophysics Sarah S. Knox, PhD; Epidemiology, Systems biology, Biophysics, Cancer Shinichiro Kokubun, MD; PhD; Physiology Kasia Kopanska, PhD; Bodywork, Mindfulness, Biofabrication Karalee Kothe, MA; Psychology, Multicultural Studies, Near Death Experience Eugene N Kovalenko, dec., PhD; Materials Science Eckhard Kruse, PhD; Computer Science Suresh Kumar, MTech Yew Kwang NG, PhD; Economics Tito Rosa Laneiro, PhD; Pshychology Professor, Universidade Autonoma de Lisboa, Portugal Jonathan Landwer, MA, Humanities Asimina Lazaridou, PhD; Psychology Robert LeAnder, PhD; Biomedical and Electrical Engineering Natuschka Lee, PhD; Microbial Ecology, Environmental Biotechnology, Geobiology, Astrobiology Apolline Lehmann, MA, Cultural Studies, Near-death Experience Céline Lemay, PhD; midwifery, healthcare Eric Leskowitz, MD; Psychiatry Maria Lígia dos Reis Bellaguarda, PhD; History of Nursing, Death and Dying, Integrative health Ivan Lima, PhD; Electrical Engineering Laurence Lins, PhD; Biophysics Andrew Barnard Lohrey, PhD; Consciousness Researcher; Australia Agostinho Gil Teixeira Lopes, PhD; Automation and Robotics Pim van Lommel, Cardiology, Near-death Experience Research Martin F Luthke, PhD; Clinical Psychology Bram VanArsdale Lutton, PhD; Comparative Physiology, Ethics in Science and Technology Jacques Mabit, MD; Drug addiction and Traditional Indigenous Medicines Tom Mahony, MS; Plant Ecology, Wetland Science Jari E. M. Malm, PhD; Inorganic Chemistry, Material Science, Atomic Layer Deposition Rosilene Moretti Marçal, PhD; Pharmacology Murilo Marchioro, PhD; Neuroscience, Biophysics Andrew Marsh, MS; Physics Diana Matheoud, PhD; Immunology, Neuroscience Jorge Martins, PhD ABD, Neuroscience and Medicine Luís Carlos Soares Abreu Ferreira Matos, PhD; Biomedical Engineering Michael P Masters, PhD; Anthropology, Human Biology Vasco Medeiros, PhD; Art History; Professor, School of Arts and Humanities; Portugal Dirk Meijer, PhD; Life sciences Richard Louis Miller, PhD; Clinical Psychology, Balneology Christian Mirre, PhD; Life Sciences Margaret Moga, PhD; Neuroscience, Energy Healing Caio Márcio de Oliveira Monteiro, PhD; Zoology, Parasitology Alberto Moreno Doña, PhD; Education Philip S Morse, PhD; Education, Parapsychology Carlos Alberto Mourão Jr, PhD; Neuroscience Peter Mulacz, Parapsychology Donald G Murphy, PhD; Biology, Energy Healing Martin Musalek, PhD; Anthropomotorics, Motor Development Adaptation Rubin Naiman, PhD; Sleep and Dream Medicine Roger Nelson, PhD; Experimental Psychology, Psychophysiology, Physics, Engineering Regula Neuenschwander, PhD; Developmental Psychology Sergii Nizhankovskyi, PhD; Physics, Materials science Kathleen Noble, PhD; Psychology, Consciousness Mario Núñez-Molina, EdD, Psychology Andreas Oberhofer, MD; Medicine, Psychology, Lüscher Science Award Masayuki Ohkado, PhD; Linguistics, Parapsychology Enrique Benito Oliver, PhD; MD, End-of-life Care, Palliative Care Juan Carlos Osorio-Aravena, PhD; Renewable Energy Fernando Otálora-Luna, PhD; Sensory Ecology, Biophysics, Evolution Marie-France de Palacio, PhD; Literature Casey A Paleos, MD; Psychiatry Adrian Parker, PhD; Clinical Psychology, Consciousness Studies Marko Pavliha, PhD; Law Alain Pénoël, PhD; Mathematics Pandelis Perakakis, PhD; Neuroscience, Psychology, Psychophysiology Tony Pereira, PhD; MSc, Mechanical Engineering, Applied Science Marcos Pérez Abendaño, Médco, Medicine, Neural Therapy Enrico Pierangeli, MD; Neurosurgery, Neurology, Oncology Stephen G Post, PhD; Medical Humanities, Love Diane Hennacy Powell, MD; Psychiatry, Neuroscience, Autistic Savants João P. da Silva, PsyD., Clinical Psychology; Psychology of Religion; Philosophy Laleh Quinn, Phd; Neuroscience Daniel Radoux, PhD; MS, Psychotherapy, Human Behaviour Luciano Francisco Rago, PhD; Development, Neurobiology, Molecular Biology Wesley de Melo Rangel, PhD; Soil Microbiology, Plant growth promoting microbes, Mycology Dr Tim Read, FRCPsych Martin Redfern, BSc, Earth Sciences, Journalism P Scott Richards, PhD; Counseling Psychology Kenneth Ring, PhD; Near-death Experience Research Titus Rivas, MS; MA, Philosophy, Theoretical Psychology, Psychical Research Juan O. 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